Graduate Student Research Symposium

Agnes Yeboah Amfo-Adu

Advisor:  Weiyi Ma

With increasing integration of technology and multimedia in educational settings, understanding how background music affects the learning process is of significant interest. This thesis examines how background singing, particularly the vocal style (infant-directed vs. adult-directed) and language familiarity (English vs. Akan), affects reading comprehension among English-speaking adults. Through three controlled experiments, the study evaluates whether specific features of background singing facilitate or hinder reading performance and whether such effects are task-specific. Experiment 1 investigates whether background singing in English affects reading comprehension differently depending on whether the song is sung in an infant-directed or adult-directed style. Experiment 2 replicates the procedure using songs in Akan, a language unfamiliar to the participants, to assess the influence of language familiarity. Experiment 3 replaces the reading task with a non-verbal IQ test to determine if the effects of background singing are unique to verbal processing. Across all experiments, participants are exposed to three auditory conditions: infant-directed singing, adult-directed singing, and silence. The materials include standardized reading passages and carefully designed auditory stimuli that are matched in melody, tempo, and duration. Preliminary findings are expected to offer new insights into how auditory environments interact with verbal and non-verbal cognitive processes. By incorporating infant-directed singing typically studied in developmental contexts into adult cognitive performance research, this study extends current literature and challenges assumptions about music’s universal cognitive effects. The research also addresses whether the linguistic content of songs and their delivery style modulate attention and comprehension. Findings from this study may have practical implications for educational settings, particularly in optimizing study environments for language-based learning. Ultimately, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of how musical and linguistic stimuli affect adult cognitive functioning. 

Elizabeth Amoako 

Advisor: Tim Killian 

The overall objective of this research will be to examine how financial independence among college students relates to identity development and expectations of transitioning to adult roles, in particular marriage and parenthood. In his theory of emerging adulthood, Arnett (2000) suggests that this developmental period is marked by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, and ambivalence toward adult roles. Using a self-report survey, this study will assess financial dependence on parents, perceptions of financial autonomy, subjective adulthood status, and anticipated timing and importance of family formation. 

The survey includes items assessing parental financial support across multiple domains (e.g., tuition, housing, medical expenses), perceived financial independence, and expectations regarding marriage and childbearing. Items from the “feeling-in-between” subscale of the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA; Reifman, Arnett, & Colwell, 2007) are included to capture subjective adult status. Additionally, measures of ruminative exploration and identity formation will be adapted from Luyckx et al. (2008), which expands Berzonsky’s model of identity styles by differentiating between reflective and maladaptive identity processing. 

The sample will consist of undergraduate students at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Descriptive statistics will characterize levels of financial independence and adult role expectations. Regression and path analyses will examine associations between financial autonomy, identity development variables, and perceived readiness for marriage and parenthood. 

Emma Clark 

Advisor: Eunjoo Cho

In recent years, consumers have become highly aware of the environmental impact of their purchases, specifically of apparel products. Accordingly, apparel brands have increasingly focused on enhancing the sustainability of their product offerings to attract environmentally conscious consumers and elevate their brand image (Dangelico et al., 2022). Furthermore, most sustainably produced products are priced higher for consumers compared to standard alternatives (Elmanadily & El-Deeb, 2022). Research has shown that consumers can accept higher prices for products that do less harm to the environment (Gomes et al., 2023), but it has yet to be determined in which cases this is consistently true. Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic concept defining the amount of money an individual is willing to forgo to obtain a product or gain a higher degree of a particular attribute (Narayanan & Singh, 2023), making it a valuable measure for evaluating consumers’ assessment of green product attributes. The purpose of this study is to develop an integrative framework of consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) more for environmentally friendly apparel products through conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to locate and extract relevant articles, this study systematically reviews the pertinent literature. The findings are enriched through the application of the Theories-Characteristics-Contexts-Methods (TCCM) framework. Through identifying, assessing, and synthesizing existent data relevant to the topic, this review identifies patterns and associations in existing research to provide general trends to inform sustainable apparel line development and future research directions. 

Jonah Graham

Advisor: Sarah Hixson

Confidence in 3D technology, such as VStitcher, is emerging as a key competency within the broader skill set of pattern drafting. Traditional patternmaking remains fundamental in textiles and apparel curricula, but transitioning to 3D drafting equips students with relevant industry skills. VStitcher enables precise virtual prototyping by integrating 2D pattern drafting with real- time 3D garment simulation, improving efficiency and fit while fostering creativity. However, confidence in using 3D tools declines after project completion, impacting students’ perceived usefulness and future intention to use the technology. Strengthening self-confidence enhances technical proficiency, critical thinking, and employability.

This study developed and tested a scale to measure the role of self-efficacy in academic and professional success using 3D tools for apparel-related tasks. The VStitcher competency assessment instrument measured three dimensions: VStitcher General Usage (VGU), 2D to 3D Competency (2D3D), and Self-Confidence in VStitcher (SCVS). The instrument was administered mid-semester to students (N = 37) enrolled in Digital Apparel Production courses as both pre- and post-tests. SCVS demonstrated excellent reliability (α = 0.856 to 0.951) and a statistically significant increase following instruction (p = 0.007), reflecting the impact of hands- on learning experiences. In contrast, VGU and 2D3D subscales showed weaker consistency, indicating a need for refinement.

Findings suggest that SCVS effectively measures self-confidence, a key factor in student progress, particularly in mixed-track programs. Students with less interest in production often lack self-confidence in design skills, making confidence assessment crucial. As 3D technology becomes integral to industry workflows, fostering confidence in classroom settings is essential. Refining knowledge-based assessments and optimizing pre-test timing will improve measurement accuracy. Tools for quickly assessing confidence provide valuable insights into students’ competency development, reinforcing the importance of 3D patternmaking skills for industry success.

Md Jehan Hossen 

Advisor: Eunjoo Cho

The fashion industry has long been criticized for its unsustainable practices. As the green economy grows and consumers become more conscious of sustainable choices, businesses are increasingly recognizing the crucial role of green marketing in strengthening their brand performance. To achieve this, businesses are implementing green marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge and appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. However, not all green marketing claims are genuine or reflective of a business's actual environmental practices, as some misrepresent sustainability efforts and lead to accusations of greenwashing. Deceptive marketing practices (i.e., greenwashing) can significantly undermine consumer trust and lead to negative consequences, including green skepticism, brand hate, brand avoidance, brand switching, and negative word-of-mouth. Despite the growing prevalence of green marketing, research on consumers’ perceptions of greenwashing remains limited. Understanding how consumers respond to greenwashing is crucial for both marketers and marketing scholars. Building on the signaling theory, this study investigates how greenwashing influences negative consumer behaviors, such as green skepticism, brand hate, brand avoidance, brand switching, and negative word-of-mouth. The findings will provide valuable insights for businesses and consumers by emphasizing the importance of ethical marketing and transparent sustainability claims. For brands, the study will highlight the risks associated with greenwashing, including reputational damage and loss of consumer trust, while it empowers consumers to make informed choices and recognize misleading sustainability claims. 

 Gracien Jules 

Advisor: Sabrina Trudo 

M1 and M2 macrophages are responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis for inflammatory responses. M1 macrophages exhibit proinflammatory responses while M2 macrophages exhibit anti-inflammatory responses. Imbalance between M1 and M2 macrophages is closely related to inflammation-associated disease development. Apigenin (API), a flavonoid present in apiaceous vegetables (celery family), is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, however there is a paucity of data on its potential role in macrophage polarization.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of apigenin on reducing colon cancer risk by various mechanisms. Raw 264.7 cells were pre-treated with API for 2 hr prior to applying lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFNγ) for M1 macrophage differentiation or interlukin-4 (IL-4) for M2 macrophage differentiation. After 22-hr incubation, culture media was used for nitric oxide (NO) quantification, and the cells were used for qPCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Duncan’s post-test.  LPS/IFNγ induced M1 macrophage markers, TNFα (12-fold), IL-1β (39-fold), CD86 (12-fold), iNOS (40-fold), IL-6 RNA (4-fold) when compared to vehicle control, while pretreatment with API (25µM) suppressed TNFα, CD86, and IL-6 RNA by 38 – 48% (P<0.05) but not IL-1β and iNOS. In addition, M2 markers, CD206, CD163, and IL-10, were reduced by 76%, 50% and 15%, respectively (P<0.05) in M1 macrophages; however, API had no effect in reversing this reduction, indicating that API did not have potential to repolarize M1 macrophage toward M2 macrophage. In line with this, API suppressed M2 macrophage polarization in IL-4-stimulated cells as evidenced by the decreased Arg-1, CD206, and IL-13 (72%, 80%, and 69%, respectively, P<0.05).  Apigenin suppressed M1 macrophage-related gene expression but had no effect on polarizing macrophages toward M2. Hence, further investigation is warranted to elucidate the mechanism by which API regulates M1 macrophage polarization.   

Akosua (Sayer) Kodua 

Advisor: Nick Johnston 

The rise of digital payment platforms has transformed tipping behavior, influencing how individuals and groups decide on gratuities. Traditional cash-based tipping practices are increasingly being replaced by digital prompts, preset options, and algorithmic suggestions, reshaping social norms and decision-making processes. While cash tipping is often influenced by social visibility and personal interaction, cashless tipping is characterized by convenience, anonymity, and the psychological effects of automated suggestions. This study examines the differences in tipping behavior between individuals and groups, particularly in the context of cash versus digital payments. The shift to digital tipping has blurred the line between generosity and obligation, with group tipping shaped by social pressure, conformity, and shared financial responsibility, while individual tipping reflects personal preferences and financial constraints. Despite being voluntary and not legally required, tipping remains a widespread practice, suggesting that psychological and social factors play a significant role beyond mere economic incentives. As digital payment systems continue to evolve, understanding how technological advancements, social influences, and economic factors interact will be critical in shaping the future of tipping culture.  

Julianne Post 

Advisor: Amanda Terrell 

This research aimed to explore the sibling sublevel of Family Systems Theory and the Circumplex Model. While substantial research exists on family systems, the sibling subsystem remains understudied, with most existing research focusing on pathological contexts (e.g., how one sibling's illness affects others). The present study sought to determine whether sibling group size and family adaptability and cohesion capabilities were related to mental health and social support. 

 

Using FACES-IV, MSPSS, and PROMIS questionnaires, data was collected on perceived social support, mental health, cohesion, and adaptability in sibling groups. Although FACES-IV typically examines entire family systems, this study specifically applied it to the sibling subsystem. Data was acquired during a course lecture on family systems in general education classes at a southern university. 

 

Based on previous research and Circumplex Model principles, the researcher hypothesized a negative association between multiple siblings and cohesion, and a positive link between multiple siblings and adaptability. Multiple regression mediation analysis examined relationships between sibling numbers, adaptability/cohesion variables, and resiliency outcomes. 

 

Findings revealed that sibling group size was directly associated with reduced social support but not directly with poor mental health. Sibling size showed marginal associations (p < .10) with unhealthy disengagement and chaos within the sibling subsystem, as measured by the FACES-IV scale. These family dynamics variables were significantly associated with both mental health and social support outcomes, suggesting potential indirect effects. Demographic factors including race/ethnicity and age significantly influenced various outcome measures. 

 

These results contribute to understanding the sibling sublevel within Family Systems Theory by highlighting how sibling group size may indirectly shape family dynamics. By expanding research beyond specific pathological contexts, this study provided a broader perspective on sibling relationships' impact on functioning. Future research should explore individual sibling relationships that explain cohesion and adaptability differences. 

Karalee Taves 

Advisor: Nick Johnston 

This study examines the impact of smartphone usage during breaks on the psychological well-being and job performance of line-level hospitality employees, specifically focused on employees’ whose income and performance heavily relies on emotional labor and their ability to portray the expected persona. The research aims to distinguish between negative smartphone activities (e.g., doomscrolling, social comparison) and positive activities (e.g., listening to calming music, engaging in stimulating games) to determine how these behaviors affect employees’. Using the Stimulus, Organism, Response Cognitive Theory, the study hypothesizes that positive smartphone usage enhances well-being and job performance, while negative usage diminishes them. Findings could provide insights into managing employee stress and enhancing workplace satisfaction, to raise retention rates in the industry with the highest amount of turnover.  

Adena Thomas 

Advisor: Laura Herold

Play in the classroom is often a source of debate. The merits of play on early childhood development are well documented, especially regarding self-efficacy - an individual’s belief in their ability to perform a task or complete a goal. Self-efficacy has, in turn, been linked to academic resilience and achievement. Despite these findings, research shows a decline in unstructured play opportunities in both preschool and kindergarten. During a play intervention study, pre-kindergarten and kindergarten teachers were interviewed about student behaviors before, during, and after loose parts and other playful materials were added to their classroom environment. This thesis examines the teacher-perceived relationship between the addition of open-ended loose parts play materials and student self-efficacy. Utilizing interview data from 7 kindergarten and pre-kindergarten teachers, the relationship between loose parts play and perceived student self-efficacy will be examined. Initial results suggest that increased self-efficacy resulted from the presences of loose parts, and that this was an agent for positive behavioral outcomes in classrooms.  

Abigail Zirbel 

Advisor: Joanna Fiddler

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency. The WHO defines ID as serum ferritin level <15 ng/mL in adults. Notably, individuals with a serum ferritin level between 15-30 ng/mL display impaired work capacity. This could be related to impairments in iron-related mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. The objective of this research is to establish the impact of marginal iron depletion on mitochondrial function and health. 

 

Two mouse C2C12 myoblast models were used; first, C2C12 cells were plated in high-glucose (HG) DMEM medium to adhere, then medium was replaced with HG DMEM medium containing 6 levels (0-100µM) of deferoxamine (DFO). Second, cells were plated identical to first model, but medium was switched to low-glucose (LG) DMEM medium containing DFO (0-100µM) for the last 8 hours. Following 18hr, mitochondrial function and health were evaluated. 

 

C2C12 cells grown in HG DMEM exhibited a positive linear relationship between iron depletion and transferrin receptor. Iron depletion impaired mitochondrial respiration and increased extracellular acidification and pyruvate kinase protein levels. Iron depletion did not influence mitochondrial maximal respiration, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, or protein levels of ETC proteins in HG DMEM. Cells grown in a LG DMEM and provided palmitate-BSA substrate exhibited reduced total and maximal mitochondrial respiration at higher DFO. 

 

Our results demonstrate that acute, marginal iron depletion impairs energy metabolism through mechanisms of substrate availability; there is an increase in glycolytic favorability in myoblast cells grown in HG DMEM and a decrease in the mitochondrial respiration in myoblast cells grown in LG DMEM.